Geological survey map of tectonic plates show 21 of the major plates, as well as their movements and boundaries. On average, large earthquakes will occur less frequently in christchurch than along the plate boundary, as has been the. It is a convergent continental to continental type of plate boundary where the australia plate collides and is subucting underneath the eurasia plate. The himalayan mountains are the result of collision boundary. Krakatoa is one of many active volcanoes along the indonesian island arc, including the famous tambora volcano. Krakatoa simple english wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The renowned volcano krakatau frequently misstated as krakatoa lies in the sunda strait between java and sumatra. Child of krakatoa is an island in a caldera in the sunda strait between the islands of java and sumatra in the indonesian province of lampung. It is a terrific book and moves at a fast clip, the kind of book you cant put down. Continental crust is made up primarily of quartz and feldspar minerals. In 2006, winchester was made an officer of the order of the british. According to the live science site, krakatoa is part of the indonesian island arc. Krakatoa lies along the convergence of the indianaustralian and eurasian tectonic plates, a zone of high volcanic and seismic activity. It was located near a region where the indoaustralian plate subducts under the eurasian plate.
Nov 15, 2008 krakatoa, and the other active, dormant and extinct volcanoes of the indonesian archipelago lie along the edge of a convergent, consuming plate boundary. The specific results of a volcanic eruption differ widely. It consists of several overlapping lava domes that frequently produce explosive eruptions and are notorious for collapsing, producing glowing avalanches block and ash flows. Krakatoa is a volcano in indonesia that lies at the convergent boundary between the eurasian and indoaustralian tectonic plates. The bestselling author of the professor and the madman and the map that changed the world examines the enduring and worldchanging effects of the catastrophic eruption off the coast of java of the earths most dangerous volcano krakatoa. Simon winchester is the acclaimed author of many books, including the professor and the madman, the men who united the states, the map that changed the world, the man who loved china, a crack in the edge of the world, and krakatoa, all of which were new york times bestsellers and appeared on numerous best and notable lists. The plates involved in krakatau are the eurasian plate and the indonesianaustralian plate. Subduction zones the other type of convergent plate boundary forms in subduction zones. Aug 01, 2016 the island of krakatoa is located in the sundra straits between the islands of java and sumatra off the southwestern coast of indonesia. Volcanic eruptions are responsible for creating new crust and geological landforms. Therefore at many convergent plate boundaries, there are continental volcanic arcs, or volcanic island arcs. Modern volcanoes that are forming this type of deposit are found in backarc. When an oceanic plate subducts beneath a continental plate the leading edge of the plate melts and the magma molten rock is lighter than the surrounding rock. Continental crust is primarily quartz and feldspar minerals.
When a continental plate converges with an oceanic plate the oceanic plates moves beneath the continental plate. Sarychev peak, a stratovolcano, is the most active volcanoes in the kurile islands. Volcanism is the phenomenon of eruption of molten rock, pyroclastics and volcanic gases to the surface through a vent. Convergent colliding boundaries are shown as a black line with teeth, divergent spreading boundaries as solid red lines, and transform sliding alongside boundaries as solid black lines. Most transform faults are underwater, but the san andreas fault is one of the few that is exposed on land. It was formed sometime within the past million years, when the two plates collided and the indoaustralian plate began sliding under the eurasian plate. Asked in geology, earth sciences, plate tectonics what type of plate boundary is the. Krakatoa island krakatau in indonesian is a part of indonesia and lies close to the java sea. Krakatao is one of the volcanoes of the sunda volcanic arc. Apr 26, 2017 krakatoa is a volcano on the indonesian island of rakata, between the islands of java and sumatra in the sunda strait. Another is the boundary between the north american plate and the eurasian plate.
Feb 16, 2008 what type of convergent plate boundary formed krakatoa. How did plate tectonics influence krakatoas eruption. Harper perennial march 1, 2004 paperback 432 pages. The caldera is part of a volcanic island group krakatoa archipelago comprising four islands. Sarychev peak volcano world oregon state university. An early 19thcentury illustration of krakatoa elevation. Came for the krakatoa story, stayed for the brilliant history of indonesia, the evolution of biology, and the progress of vulcanology, that were all served as the context leading up towards the day krakatoa finally exploded in 1883. A stratovolcano, also known as a composite volcano, is a conical volcano built up by many layers strata of hardened lava, tephra, pumice and ash. Submarine volcanoes at convergent plate boundaries subduction zones are much. Krakatoa, volcano on rakata island in the sunda strait between java and sumatra, indonesia. Simon winchester tells the frightening tale of the biggest volcanic eruption in history using a blend of gentle geology and narrative history.
Dr gary gibson, from the university of melbourne, australia, commented. An eruption in 1960, the last major eruption, produced a 3 mile 5 km high ash cloud. Krakatoa volcano krakatau, sunda strait indonesia facts. Simon winchester describes the eruption of krakatoa in 1883, and xan brooks and damien walter. Here are two plate tectonics maps which show more detail than the maps above. The southern edge of the caribbean plate, passing through northern south america, is an example. Its explosive eruption in 1883 was one of the most catastrophic in history, throwing into the air nearly five cubic miles of rock fragments along with large quantities of ash that fell over an area of some 300,000 square miles. Geochemistry and structure of krakatoa volcano in the.
From its base, 1,000 feet 300 metres below sea level, the cone projected about 6,000 feet 1,800. What happened in the earths tectonic plates that made. Perhaps the most famous submarine volcano is krakatau, a submerged. The island of krakatua itself lies next to two other islands. Hot upwelling mantle material forms magmas that continuously produce new oceanic crust. Volcanic activity is due to subduction of the indoaustralian tectonic plate as it moves northward towards mainland asia. The krakatoa eruption was an example of convergent plates, where the volcano erupted due to the subduction of the indoaustralian tectonic plate as it moved northwards towards asia. Causes of volcanism there is a huge temperature difference between the inner layers and the outer layers of the earth due to. It was located near a region where the indoaustralian plate subducts under the. Apr 01, 2003 krakatoa is a scientific history of the 1883 eruption of krakatoa, a volcano located on a small island between java and sumatra in what is now indonesia and what was then the dutch east indies. Books about krakatau volcano krakatau anak krakatau vulkan. There is also a trench and a subduction zone near krakatoa. These volcano types have both explosive eruptions and lava flows. Although this type of information is not always accurate, it will enhance further.
The legendary annihilation in 1883 of the volcanoisland of krakatoa the name. At this convergent plate boundary, the indonesianaustralian plate is subducting underneath the eurasian plate. Like all simon winchester books, this one takes a long, erratic detour over the course of a couple hundred pages before actually reaching the point. Magma moves upward until it erupts onto the earths surface. Krakatau, is a caldera in the sunda strait between the. Subduction zones, or convergent margins, are one of the three types of plate boundaries. Find all the books, read about the author, and more. May 10, 2008 krakatoa is located on an oceanis oceanic plate boundary, both plates are going down into molten rock, and it has to come back up there, causing a volcano. Krakatoa was formerly a volcanic island located between java and sumatra. Dec 22, 2019 a volcano is a vent or a fissure in the crust from which lava molten rock, ash, gases, rock fragments erupt from a magma chamber below the surface. Krakatau is directly above the subduction zone of the eurasian plate and the indoaustralian.
The best known of these events occurred in late august 1883. This region was caused by the crash of two tectonic plates, the eurasian plate and the indoaustralian plate, and thus caused a giant subduction zone volcanoes in indonesia, 2009. Teaching about volcanoes in a plate tectonic context paesta. Volcanoes are one of natures most destructive forces. At a convergent boundary, one plate subducts under another. Indonesia is situated at the boundaries of three major plates on the southern margin of the eurasian plate, those are. The indoaustralian plate is moving northwards and is subducting beneath the eurasian plate, resulting in the eruption of melted crust through the volcanic arcs of the indonesian archipelago. On december 29, 1927, anak krakatoa emerged from the caldera formed in 1883 by the explosive volcanic eruption that destroyed the island of krakatoa. It forms a convergent boundary with the south american plate, divergent boundaries with the pacific and cocos plates, and a divergenttansform. In may, 1883, a series of eruptions commenced which continued until august 27, 1883, when a cataclysmic explosion blew the island apart. This subduction zone has created both the aleutian trench, about 270 miles to the southeast of the volcano, and the aleutian volcanic arc, of which redoubt is a part. Krakatoa by don nardo and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at.
Unlike shield volcanoes, stratovolcanoes are characterized by a steep profile with a summit crater and periodic intervals of explosive eruptions and effusive eruptions, although some have collapsed summit craters called calderas. Subduction boundaries may involve two oceanic plates or an oceanic plate and a continental one. This allows hot magma from deep inside the earth to rise up into the cracks. The volcano has erupted repeatedly in known history. The legendary annihilation in 1883 of the volcanoisland of krakatoa the name has since become a byword for a cataclysmic disaster was followed by an. One of the rare every 212 hrs approximately vulcaniantype explosions at night with a large lightning forming. Transform fault boundaries consist of two plates sliding against each other in a horizontal motion. A subduction zone is the area where two tectonic plates converge, where one bends and slides under the other, going down the mantle, a layer under the crust. Redoubt is a subduction zone volcano, deriving its magma from melt created when the pacific plate dives beneath the north america plate. There are many different ways the name has been spelled. Apr 23, 2010 following last weeks icelandic ashpocalypse, we look at disasters great and small in literature.
Transform faults have shallow earthquakes that are often quite damaging. There has been sporadic eruptive activity at the site since the late 20th. A stratovolcano is usually a wide hill that inclines steeply towards the top. This type of plate boundary is called a transverse boundary. What type of plate boundary does the san andreas fault. However, volcanoes are also one of natures chief constructive forces. Remnants of this ancestral volcano are preserved in verlaten and lang islands. Magma is rising up all along that boundary, making indonesia a very active area. Basalt is a darkcolored, finegrained, igneous rock composed mainly of plagioclase and pyroxene minerals. Augustine is the most active volcano of the eastern aleutian arc. The san andreas fault exemplifies a transform fault plate boundary.
Collapse of the ancestral krakatau edifice, perhaps in 416 ad, formed a 7kmwide caldera. Krakatau, is a caldera in the sunda strait between the islands of java and sumatra in the indonesian province of lampung. The name is used for the island group, the main island also called rakata, and the volcano as a whole. It lies on the sunda strait between java and sumatra. It most commonly forms as an extrusive rock, such as a lava flow, but can also form in small intrusive bodies, such as an igneous dike or a thin sill. Sometime within the past million years, the volcano built a coneshaped mountain composed of flows of volcanic rock alternating with layers of cinder and ash. The volcano was formed by the subduction of the indianaustralia plate under the eurasian plate.
What type of convergent plate boundary formed krakatoa. On 22 december 2018 the central cone collapsed and caused a tsunami in the sunda strait. A book of the names and address of people living in a city. Most eruptions are moderate to moderatelarge vei23 and explosive. The eruption of krakatoa great disasters by rupert matthews, tony smith and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at. Sarychev peak erupted at least 14 times between 1765 and 1989. Augustine volcano had a devastating eruption 1883 when large parts of the summit dome complex collapsed. Every time the volcano erupts, new ash and lava covers the surface, making it bigger and bigger. On 22 december 2018 the central cone collapsed and caused a tsunami in the sunda. Krakatoa, volcano on rakata island in the sunda strait between java and sumatra. Krakatoa is directly above the subduction zone of the eurasian plate and the indo australian plate where the plate boundaries make a sharp change of.
Krakatoa is directly above the subduction zone of the eurasian plate and the indoaustralian plate where the plate boundaries make a sharp change of. Krakatau is an active volcano in the sunda strait, indonesia. The javanese book of kings pustaka raja records that in the year 338 saka 416 ad. Krakatoa was formed due to small eruptions, where the runny, hot lava escaped through the earth and spread out. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Krakatau, is a volcanic island made of aa lava in the sunda strait between the islands of java and sumatra in indonesia. Jun 27, 20 merapi is part of the sunda arc, which stretches for over 3000 km as a curved line of active volcanoes along the plate boundary.